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来源：百度知道 编辑：UC知道 时间：2024/09/20 21:43:59
The most pressing policy need in the Third World continues to be to bring down prices. Keeping the
needs of the producers in mind, the most appropriate policies may be to encourage a three-tier system of drug prices:
(1) Innovative new drugs sold to private markets should be left to normal pricing practices of the
firms, with prices set in relation to the therapeutic benefits offered and reduced over time as competitors emerge. New drugs used widely in public health programmes, especially in primary health care in poor rural areas, should be priced lower, with appropriate levels set by negotiations between
the companies and the health authorities. The cost to the producers of lower profits can be spread over
different parties: the private market within the developing country, the market of developed countries or by explicit subsidies from aid or international bodies.
(2) Established drugs for which multiple sources exist should compete vigorou
定价
第三世界所需要的最紧迫的策略还是降低价格。将生产者的需求牢记在心，最适当的策略可能是鼓励三层次的药品价格体系。
（1）销售给私营市场的新药应当按照惯例由制药公司定价，按照疗效设定，并随着竞争者的加入而降价。公共医保项目中广泛使用的新药，特别是贫困地区主要保健药品，应当采取低价格，具体的价格水平由制药公司与医保监管部门协商确定。生产者的利润损失可以由不同主体分摊：发展中国家的私营市场，发达国家的市场或由援助或国际组织提供的明确的补贴。
（2）来源广泛的合成药品应当在美国正在形成的公共市场上竞争。应当允许跨国公司携带其品牌产品自由进入，还应当给予当地生产者参与其中必要的技术和质量协助。对于承受得起的国家，来源应当扩大到包括国外的供应商，最终目标是建立一个活跃的第三世界公共市场，在这个市场上以低价销售质量可靠的药品。隐含其中的是，这将资助创新的负担稍微向富裕国家进行了转移，而作者认为这是非常正当的。
Pricing
价格问题
The most pressing policy need in the Third World continues to be to bring down prices. Keeping the needs of the producers in mind, the most appropriate policies may be to encourage a three-tier system of drug prices: 第三世界最迫切的政策需要仍然是降低价格。把生产商的需要放在心上，则最恰当的政策可能就是鼓励药品价格的三层体系：
(1) Innovative new drugs sold to private markets should be left to normal pricing practices of the firms, with prices set in relation to the therapeutic benefits offered and reduced over time as competitors emerge. （1）销售到自由（私人）市场的创新性新药应该允许公司通常的定价惯例，即价格相对于具备的疗效而定，并随着竞争