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The pigments found in plants play important roles in plant metabolism and visual attraction in nature (Goodwin, 1976, 1988; Gross, 1987, 1991; Kost, 1988). They are also important for humans, attracting our attention and providing us with nutrients. Major plant pigments include carotenoids, anthocyanins and other flavonoids, betalains, and chlorophylls.

Chlorophylls, which are green, and carotenoids, which are yellow, orange or red, play pivotal roles in photosynthesis (Bauernfeind, 1981; Dailey, 1990; Young and Britton, 1993). They occur in all green plants and are localized in plastids. Chlorophylls capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy. They rarely occur outside of photosynthetic tissue. Carotenoids protect the chlorophylls from photo-oxidation and are accessory, light-harvesting pigments and photoreceptors. They occur in all green tissues as well as independently of chlorophyll in flowers (where they serve to attract animals), storage organs, and ot